Ubushinwa bwahindutse ibihugu byisi, ariko haribiganiro bike cyane kuburyo byagenze nicyo bivuze.Benshi bemeza ko Ubushinwa bwohereza ibicuruzwa hanze mu mahanga kandi bugashyira mu bindi bihugu.Ariko amasosiyete yo mu Bushinwa nayo arimo kwagura ibikorwa byayo mu gufatanya n’abakinnyi n’ibigo byaho, guhuza no kwinjiza imiterere y’ibanze na gakondo, amahame n'imikorere.
Bitewe n’imyaka myinshi yatewe inkunga na Fondasiyo ya Ford Carnegie, ikorera mu turere turindwi tw’isi - Afurika, Aziya yo Hagati, Amerika y'Epfo, Uburasirazuba bwo hagati na Afurika y'Amajyaruguru, Pasifika, Aziya y'Amajyepfo, na Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'uburasirazuba.Binyuze mu bushakashatsi hamwe n’inama zifatika, umushinga ugaragaza izi mbaraga zigoye, harimo n’uburyo amasosiyete y’Abashinwa ahuza n’amategeko agenga umurimo muri Amerika y'Epfo, ndetse n’uburyo amabanki n’amafaranga yo mu Bushinwa ashakisha imari gakondo ya kisilamu n’ibicuruzwa by’inguzanyo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya no muri Aziya yo hagati .Abakinnyi b'iburasirazuba, n'abashinwa bafasha abakozi baho kuzamura ubumenyi bwabo muri Aziya yo hagati.Izi ngamba zo kurwanya imihindagurikire y’Ubushinwa, zihuza kandi zigakora mu bikorwa byaho, birengagizwa cyane n’abanyapolitiki bo mu Burengerazuba.
Ubwanyuma, umushinga ugamije kwagura cyane kumva no kuganira ku ruhare rw’Ubushinwa ku isi no gutanga ibitekerezo bya politiki bishya.Ibi birashobora gutuma abakinyi baho bakoresha neza ingufu zubushinwa kugirango bashyigikire societe nubukungu bwabo, batange amasomo yubufatanye bwiburengerazuba kwisi yose, cyane cyane mubihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, bifasha umuryango wa politiki w’Ubushinwa kwigira kubintu bitandukanye byo kwigira kubushinwa, kandi birashoboka ko byagabanuka. guterana amagambo.
Ibiganiro byubucuruzi hagati ya Benin nu Bushinwa byerekana uburyo impande zombi zishobora kugendana ningaruka zumubano wubucuruzi mubushinwa na Afrika.Muri Bénin, Abashinwa n'abayobozi bo mu nzego z'ibanze bakoze imishyikirano ndende ku masezerano yo gushinga ikigo cy'ubucuruzi kigamije gushimangira umubano w'ubucuruzi hagati y'abacuruzi b'Abashinwa na Bénin.Muri iki kigo giherereye i Cotonou, umujyi munini w’ubukungu wa Benin, iki kigo kigamije guteza imbere ishoramari n’ubucuruzi bw’ibicuruzwa byinshi, kikaba ihuriro ry’umubano w’ubucuruzi w’Abashinwa atari muri Bénin gusa, ahubwo no mu karere ka Afurika y’iburengerazuba, cyane cyane mu karere kanini kandi gakura. y'isoko rituranye rya Nijeriya.
Iyi ngingo ishingiye ku bushakashatsi n’umwimerere byakozwe muri Bénin kuva mu 2015 kugeza mu 2021, hamwe n’imishinga n’amasezerano ya nyuma yumvikanyweho n’abanditsi, bituma habaho isesengura ry’inyandiko igereranya, ndetse no kubaza ibibazo mbere y’umurima no gukurikirana.-up.Ikiganiro nabaganiriye bayobora, abacuruzi bo muri Bénine hamwe nabahoze ari abanyeshuri ba Bénine mubushinwa.Iyi nyandiko yerekana uburyo abategetsi b'Abashinwa na Bénin baganiriye ku ishyirwaho ry'iki kigo, cyane cyane uburyo abategetsi ba Bénin bahuje imishyikirano n'abashinwa n'abakozi bo muri Bénin, imirimo y'ubwubatsi, amategeko ndetse banashyira igitutu kuri bagenzi babo b'Abashinwa.
Aya mayeri yashakaga kuvuga ko imishyikirano yatwaye igihe kirenze icyari gisanzwe.Ubufatanye hagati y'Ubushinwa na Afurika bukunze kurangwa n'imishyikirano yihuse, inzira yagaragaye ko ari mbi mu bihe bimwe na bimwe kuko ishobora gukurura amagambo adasobanutse kandi arenganya mu masezerano ya nyuma.Ibiganiro mu kigo cy’ubucuruzi cya Benin mu Bushinwa ni urugero rwiza rw’ukuntu abashyikirana bahuza neza bashobora gufata umwanya wo gukorana bahujwe n’inzego zinyuranye za Leta kandi bikaba byafasha kugera ku musaruro mwiza mu bijyanye n’ibikorwa remezo byiza kandi byubahiriza inyubako zisanzwe, umurimo, ibidukikije n'amabwiriza agenga ubucuruzi.no gukomeza umubano mwiza w’ibihugu byombi n’Ubushinwa.
Ubushakashatsi ku mibanire y’ubucuruzi hagati y’abashinwa n’abanyafurika badaharanira inyungu, nk’abacuruzi, abacuruzi n’abacuruzi, ubusanzwe byibanda ku kuntu amasosiyete y’abashinwa n’abimukira batumiza ibicuruzwa n’ibicuruzwa kandi bagahangana n’ubucuruzi bwo muri Afurika bwaho.Ariko hariho "parallel" ihuza umubano w’ubucuruzi w’Ubushinwa na Afurika kubera ko, nkuko Giles Mohan na Ben Lambert babivuze, "leta nyinshi zo muri Afurika zibona ko Ubushinwa ari umufatanyabikorwa w’iterambere ry’ubukungu n’ubuzimagatozi.reba Ubushinwa nk'isoko y'ingirakamaro mu iterambere ry’umuntu ku giti cye ndetse n’ubucuruzi. ”1 Kuba ibicuruzwa by’Abashinwa muri Afurika nabyo biriyongera, bitewe ahanini n’abacuruzi bo muri Afurika bagura ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa bigurishwa mu bihugu bya Afurika.
Iyi mibanire yubucuruzi, cyane cyane mugihugu cya Afrika yuburengerazuba bwa Bénin, irigisha cyane.Mu myaka ya za 2000 rwagati, abayobozi b’ibanze mu Bushinwa na Bénin baganiriye ku ishyirwaho ry’ikigo cy’ubukungu n’iterambere (aho kizwi ku izina ry’ikigo cy’ubucuruzi) kigamije guteza imbere umubano w’ubukungu n’ubucuruzi hagati y’impande zombi batanga serivisi zitandukanye zorohereza ubucuruzi, ibikorwa .iterambere hamwe nizindi serivisi zijyanye.Ikigo kirashaka kandi gufasha mu gutangiza umubano w’ubucuruzi hagati ya Bénin n’Ubushinwa, usanga ahanini bitemewe cyangwa byemewe.Ikigo giherereye muri Cotonou, ikigo cy’ubukungu gikuru cya Benin, hafi y’icyambu kinini cy’umujyi, iki kigo kigamije gukorera ubucuruzi bw’Abashinwa muri Bénin ndetse no muri Afurika y’iburengerazuba, cyane cyane ku isoko rinini kandi rikura ry’ibihugu bituranye.Guteza imbere iterambere ryishoramari nubucuruzi bwinshi.muri Nijeriya.
Iyi raporo irasuzuma uburyo abategetsi b'Abashinwa na Bénin baganiriye ku bijyanye no gufungura iki kigo, cyane cyane uburyo abayobozi ba Bénin bahujije abashyikirana n'abashinwa ku mirimo yaho, ubwubatsi, amahame n'amategeko ya Benin.Abashinwa bashyikirana bemeza ko imishyikirano irenze iyari isanzwe yemerera abayobozi ba Benin kubahiriza amabwiriza neza.Iri sesengura rireba uburyo imishyikirano nk'iyi ikora ku isi isanzwe, aho Abanyafurika badafite uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo ibibanogeye gusa, ahubwo banabikoresha kugira uruhare rukomeye, nubwo bidafite ishingiro mu mibanire n'Ubushinwa.
Abayobozi bashinzwe ubucuruzi muri Afurika bafite uruhare runini mu gushimangira no guteza imbere umubano w’ubukungu hagati ya Bénin n’Ubushinwa, bakemeza ko amasosiyete y’Abashinwa atari yo yonyine yunguka uruhare rwabo ku mugabane wa Afurika.Ikibazo cyiki kigo cyubucuruzi gitanga amasomo yingirakamaro kubanyafurika baganira muguhuza amasezerano yubucuruzi n’ibikorwa remezo bifitanye isano n’Ubushinwa.
Mu myaka yashize, ubucuruzi n’ishoramari bigenda byiyongera hagati ya Afurika n’Ubushinwa byiyongereye cyane.Kuva mu 2009, Ubushinwa bwabaye umufatanyabikorwa ukomeye muri Afurika mu bucuruzi.3 Dukurikije raporo iheruka gushora imari ku isi y’umuryango w’abibumbye (UN) y’ubucuruzi n’iterambere, Ubushinwa n’umushoramari wa kane mu bashoramari muri Afurika (ku bijyanye na FDI) nyuma y’Ubuholandi, Ubwongereza n’Ubufaransa muri 20194. Miliyari 35 z'amadolari muri 2019 kugeza kuri miliyari 44 z'amadolari muri 2019. 5
Nyamara, iyi ntera mu bucuruzi bwemewe n’ishoramari ntago igaragaza rwose igipimo, imbaraga n'umuvuduko wo kwagura umubano w’ubukungu hagati y’Ubushinwa na Afurika.Ni ukubera ko guverinoma n’ibigo bya Leta (SOEs), bikunze kwitabwaho n’itangazamakuru ridahwitse, ntabwo ari bo bakinnyi bonyine bayobora iyi nzira.Mubyukuri, abakinnyi bagenda barushaho kuba ingorabahizi mu mibanire y’ubucuruzi n’Ubushinwa na Afurika harimo umubare munini w’abakinnyi b’abashinwa n’abanyafurika, cyane cyane SMEs.Bakora mubukungu busanzwe butunganijwe kimwe na kimwe cya kabiri cyangwa imiterere idasanzwe.Bimwe mubigamije gushinga ibigo byubucuruzi bya leta nukworohereza no kugenzura umubano wubucuruzi.
Kimwe n'ibindi bihugu byinshi byo muri Afurika, ubukungu bwa Benin burangwa n'urwego rukomeye.Umuryango mpuzamahanga w'abakozi uvuga ko kugeza mu 2014, abakozi bagera kuri umunani kuri icumi bo muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara bari mu “mirimo itishoboye”.6 Icyakora, nk'uko ubushakashatsi bw’ikigega mpuzamahanga cy’imari (IMF) bubigaragaza, ibikorwa by’ubukungu bidasanzwe bikunda kugabanya cyane imisoro mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, ikaba ikeneye cyane umusoro uhamye.Ibi birerekana ko guverinoma zibi bihugu zishishikajwe no gupima neza ibikorwa by’ubukungu butemewe no kwiga uburyo bwo kwimura umusaruro uva mu buryo butemewe ukajya mu nzego zemewe.7 Mu gusoza, abitabiriye ubukungu busanzwe kandi budasanzwe barimo kunoza umubano w’ubucuruzi hagati ya Afurika n’Ubushinwa.Uruhare rwinshingano za guverinoma ntirusobanura uruhererekane rwibikorwa.
Kurugero, usibye inganda nini za leta zUbushinwa zikorera muri Afrika mubice bitandukanye nubwubatsi ningufu kugeza ubuhinzi na peteroli na gaze, hari nabandi bakinnyi benshi bakomeye.Abashoramari bo mu ntara bo mu Bushinwa na bo ni ibintu, nubwo badafite uburenganzira n’inyungu nk’ibigo binini bigengwa n’ubuyobozi bukuru i Beijing, cyane cyane Komisiyo y’igihugu ishinzwe kugenzura no gucunga umutungo wa Leta.Nyamara, aba bakinnyi bo mu ntara bagenda barushaho kubona isoko ku nganda nyinshi z’ingenzi zo muri Afurika nko gucukura amabuye y'agaciro, imiti, peteroli n’itumanaho rigendanwa.8 Kuri ibyo bigo byintara, kumenyekanisha mpuzamahanga byari uburyo bwo kwirinda irushanwa ryiyongera kuva muri SOE nini zo hagati mu isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu cy’Ubushinwa, ariko kwinjira mu masoko mashya yo hanze nabyo ni inzira yo kuzamura ubucuruzi bwabo.Iyi mishinga ya leta ikunze gukora ahanini yigenga, nta gahunda nimwe yo guteganya hagati yateganijwe na Beijing.9
Hariho nabandi bakinnyi bakomeye nabo.Usibye ibigo bya leta byubushinwa kurwego rwintara nintara, imiyoboro minini yibigo byigenga byabashinwa nayo ikorera muri Afrika binyuze mumiyoboro mpuzamahanga cyangwa idasanzwe.Muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba, hashyizweho byinshi mu karere, hamwe n'ibindi byinshi mu bihugu nka Gana, Mali, Nijeriya na Senegali.10 Aya masosiyete yigenga y’Abashinwa agira uruhare runini mu mibanire y’ubucuruzi hagati y’Ubushinwa na Afurika.Hatitawe ku bunini bw'amasosiyete abigizemo uruhare, isesengura n'ibitekerezo byinshi bikunda kwerekana uruhare rw'aba bakinnyi b'Abashinwa, harimo n'ibigo byigenga.Icyakora, abikorera bo muri Afurika na bo barimo gushimangira cyane umubano w’ubucuruzi hagati y’ibihugu byabo n’Ubushinwa.
Ibicuruzwa by'Abashinwa, cyane cyane imyenda, ibikoresho byo mu nzu n'ibicuruzwa, biragaragara hose ku masoko yo muri Afurika yo mu mijyi no mu cyaro.Kuva Ubushinwa bwabaye umufatanyabikorwa ukomeye muri Afurika mu bucuruzi, umugabane w’isoko kuri ibyo bicuruzwa ubu urenze gato ugereranije n’ibicuruzwa bisa mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba.cumi n'umwe
Abayobozi b'ubucuruzi bo muri Afurika batanga umusanzu w'ingenzi mu gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa by'Abashinwa muri Afurika.Nk’abatumiza mu mahanga n'ababikwirakwiza mu nzego zose zijyanye no gutanga amasoko, batanga ibyo bicuruzwa biva mu turere dutandukanye two ku mugabane w’Ubushinwa na Hong Kong, hanyuma bakanyura muri Cotonou (Benin), Lomé (Togo), Dakar (muri Senegali) na Accra (muri Gana), n'ibindi 12 Bagira uruhare runini mu miyoboro y'ubucuruzi igenda yiyongera hagati y'Ubushinwa na Afurika.
Ibi bintu bifitanye isano mumateka.Mu myaka ya za 1960 na 1970, ibihugu bimwe na bimwe nyuma y’ubwigenge ibihugu by’Afurika y’iburengerazuba byashyizeho umubano w’ububanyi n’amahanga na Repubulika y’Ubushinwa iyobowe n’ishyaka rya gikomunisiti, maze ibicuruzwa by’Ubushinwa bisuka muri iki gihugu mu gihe gahunda y’ubufatanye mu iterambere ry’i Beijing yatangiriye.Ibicuruzwa bimaze igihe bigurishwa ku masoko yaho kandi amafaranga yavuyemo yongeye gukoreshwa mu mishinga yiterambere ryaho.13
Ariko usibye ubucuruzi nyafurika, abandi banyafrika badaharanira inyungu nabo bafite uruhare muri ubwo bucuruzi bwubukungu, cyane cyane abanyeshuri.Kuva mu myaka ya za 1970 na 1980, ubwo umubano w’ububanyi n’ubushinwa na guverinoma z’ibihugu byinshi byo muri Afurika y’iburengerazuba byatumye hatangwa buruse ku banyeshuri bo muri Afurika biga mu Bushinwa, bamwe mu Banyafurika barangije izo gahunda bashinze imishinga mito yohereza ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa mu bihugu byabo muri gutegeka kwishyura indabyo..cumi na bine
Ariko kwagura ibicuruzwa biva mu Bushinwa mu bukungu bwa Afurika byagize ingaruka zikomeye kuri Afurika ivuga Igifaransa.Ibi biterwa ahanini n’imihindagurikire y’agaciro k’ifaranga rya Afurika y’iburengerazuba ry’ifaranga rya CFA (nanone rizwi ku izina rya CFA franc), ifaranga rusange ryo mu karere ryahoze ryinjizwa mu gifaransa (ubu ryashyizwe ku ma euro).1994 Nyuma yo guta agaciro k'amafaranga y’Umuryango ku gice cya kabiri, ibiciro by’ibicuruzwa by’abaguzi by’i Burayi byatumijwe mu mahanga kubera guta agaciro kw’ifaranga byikubye kabiri, kandi ibicuruzwa by’abaguzi mu Bushinwa birushanwe.Abacuruzi 15 b'Abashinwa n'Abanyafurika, harimo n'amasosiyete mashya, bungukiwe n'iki cyerekezo muri iki gihe, barusheho kunoza umubano w'ubucuruzi hagati y'Ubushinwa na Afurika y'Iburengerazuba.Iterambere kandi rifasha ingo nyafurika guha abaguzi ba Afrika ibicuruzwa byinshi bikozwe mubushinwa.Ubwanyuma, iyi nzira yihutishije urwego rwo gukoresha muri Afrika yuburengerazuba muri iki gihe.
Isesengura ry’imikoranire y’ubucuruzi hagati y’Ubushinwa n’ibihugu byinshi byo muri Afurika y’iburengerazuba byerekana ko abacuruzi bo muri Afurika bashaka isoko ry’ibicuruzwa biva mu Bushinwa, kuko bazi neza amasoko yaho.Mohan na Lampert bavuga ko “Ba rwiyemezamirimo bo muri Gana na Nijeriya bafite uruhare rutaziguye mu gushishikariza Abashinwa kugura ibicuruzwa by’abaguzi, ndetse n'abafatanyabikorwa, abakozi, n'ibicuruzwa biva mu Bushinwa.”mu bihugu byombi.Iyindi ngamba yo kuzigama ibiciro ni ugushaka abatekinisiye b'Abashinwa kugenzura ishyirwaho ryibikoresho no guhugura abatekinisiye baho gukora, kubungabunga no gusana izo mashini.Nkuko umushakashatsi Mario Esteban yabivuze, bamwe mu bakinnyi b'Abanyafurika “bashakisha cyane abakozi b'Abashinwa… kugira ngo bongere umusaruro kandi batange ibicuruzwa na serivisi byujuje ubuziranenge.” 17
Kurugero, abacuruzi bo muri Nigeriya n’abayobozi b’ubucuruzi bafunguye isoko rya Chinatown mu murwa mukuru wa Lagos kugira ngo abimukira b’Abashinwa babone Nigeriya nk'ahantu ho gukorera ubucuruzi.Ku bwa Mohan na Lampert, intego y'uwo mushinga uhuriweho ni “uguhuza ba rwiyemezamirimo b'Abashinwa kurushaho gufungura inganda i Lagos, bityo bakihangira imirimo kandi bagatera inkunga ubukungu.”Iterambere.Ibindi bihugu byo muri Afrika yuburengerazuba harimo na Bénin.
Benin, igihugu kivuga Igifaransa gituwe na miliyoni 12.1, kigaragaza neza iyi mikorere y’ubucuruzi igenda yegerana hagati y’Ubushinwa na Afurika y’iburengerazuba.19 Igihugu (cyahoze cyitwa Dahomey) cyabonye ubwigenge bw’Ubufaransa mu 1960 hanyuma gihindagurika hagati y’ububanyi n’ububanyi n’ibihugu by’Ubushinwa na Repubulika y’Ubushinwa (Tayiwani) kugeza mu ntangiriro ya za 70.Benin yabaye Repubulika y’Ubushinwa mu 1972 iyobowe na Perezida Mathieu Kerek, washyizeho igitugu gifite imiterere y’abakomunisiti n’abasosiyaliste.Yagerageje kwigira kuburambe bwubushinwa no kwigana ibintu byabashinwa murugo.
Iyi mibanire mishya n’Ubushinwa yafunguye isoko rya Bénin ku bicuruzwa by’Ubushinwa nk’amagare ya Phoenix n’imyenda.Abacuruzi 20 b'Abashinwa bashinze ishyirahamwe ry’inganda z’imyenda mu 1985 mu mujyi wa Benin wa Lokosa maze binjira muri iyo sosiyete.Abacuruzi bo muri Bénin kandi bajya mu Bushinwa kugura ibindi bicuruzwa, birimo ibikinisho ndetse n’umuriro, bakabisubiza muri Bénin.21 Mu 2000, iyobowe na Kreku, Ubushinwa bwasimbuye Ubufaransa nk'umufatanyabikorwa ukomeye wa Benin.Umubano hagati ya Bénin n’Ubushinwa wateye imbere cyane mu 2004 igihe Ubushinwa bwasimburaga Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, bugashimangira ubuyobozi bw’Ubushinwa nk’umufatanyabikorwa w’ubucuruzi ukomeye muri iki gihugu (reba Imbonerahamwe 1).makumyabiri na kabiri
Usibye umubano wa politiki wa hafi, ibitekerezo byubukungu bifasha no gusobanura ubwo buryo bwagutse bwubucuruzi.Igiciro gito cyibicuruzwa byabashinwa bituma ibicuruzwa bikozwe mubushinwa bikurura abacuruzi bo muri Bénine nubwo ibicuruzwa byinshi byakozwe, harimo kohereza ibicuruzwa hamwe n’amahoro.23 Ubushinwa butanga abacuruzi bo muri Bénin ibicuruzwa bitandukanye mu biciro bitandukanye kandi butanga viza yihuse ku bacuruzi bo muri Bénin, bitandukanye no mu Burayi aho viza z’ubucuruzi mu gace ka Schengen zorohereza abacuruzi bo muri Bénine (n’abandi Banyafurika) Biragoye kubona.24 Kubera iyo mpamvu, Ubushinwa bwabaye isoko ryiza ku masosiyete menshi yo muri Bénin.Mubyukuri, ukurikije ibibazo twagiranye n’abacuruzi bo muri Bénin ndetse n’abahoze ari abanyeshuri mu Bushinwa, ubworoherane bwogukora ubucuruzi n’Ubushinwa bwagize uruhare mu kwagura abikorera muri Bénin, bituma abantu benshi mu bikorwa by’ubukungu.25
Abanyeshuri bo muri Bénin nabo baritabira, bifashishije uburyo bworoshye bwo kubona viza zabanyeshuri, kwiga Igishinwa, no gukora nkabasemuzi hagati ya Benin n’abacuruzi b’abashinwa (harimo n’amasosiyete y’imyenda) hagati y’Ubushinwa na Benin.Kuba hari abasemuzi baho bo muri Bénine byafashije gukuraho igice inzitizi zururimi zikunze kubaho hagati y’abafatanyabikorwa b’ubucuruzi b’abashinwa n’abanyamahanga, ndetse no muri Afurika.Abanyeshuri bo muri Béninine bagize uruhare mu bucuruzi bw’Abanyafurika n’Ubushinwa kuva mu ntangiriro ya za 1980, igihe Abanya-Bénine, cyane cyane rubanda rugufi, batangiraga kubona buruse yo kwiga mu Bushinwa ku rugero runini.26
Abanyeshuri bashoboye gufata inshingano nk'izo, kubera ko Ambasade ya Bénin i Beijing, itandukanye na Ambasade y'Ubushinwa muri Bénin, igizwe ahanini n'abadipolomate n'inzobere mu bya tekinike ahanini bashinzwe politiki kandi batitabira ibikorwa by'ubucuruzi.27 Kubera iyo mpamvu, abanyeshuri benshi bo muri Bénine bahabwa akazi n’ubucuruzi bw’ibanze kugira ngo batange ku buryo butemewe na serivisi z’ubuhinduzi n’ubucuruzi muri Bénin, nko kumenya no gusuzuma inganda z’Abashinwa, kuborohereza gusura ibibanza, no gukora cyane ku bicuruzwa byaguzwe mu Bushinwa.Abanyeshuri bo muri Bénin batanga izi serivisi mu mijyi myinshi y’Ubushinwa harimo Foshan, Guangzhou, Shantou, Shenzhen, Wenzhou, Xiamen na Yiwu, aho abacuruzi benshi bo muri Afurika barimo gushakisha ibintu byose kuva kuri moto, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n’ibikoresho byo kubaka kugeza ku biryohereye ndetse n ibikinisho.Abatanga ibicuruzwa bitandukanye.Uku kwibumbira hamwe kw’abanyeshuri bo muri Bénin kandi kwubatse ikiraro hagati y’abacuruzi b’abashinwa n’abandi bacuruzi baturutse muri Afurika y’iburengerazuba no hagati, barimo Côte d'Ivoire, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, Nijeriya na Togo, nk'uko abahoze ari abanyeshuri babajijwe ukwe kuri ubu bushakashatsi.
Mu myaka ya za 1980 na 1990, umubano w’ubucuruzi n’ubucuruzi hagati y’Ubushinwa na Bénin byateguwe ahanini mu nzira ebyiri zibangikanye: umubano w’ubutegetsi n’ubutegetsi ndetse n’ubucuruzi butemewe n’ubucuruzi cyangwa ubucuruzi n’ubucuruzi hagati y’abaguzi.Abajijwe n'inama nkuru y’abakoresha muri Bénin (Conseil National du Patronat Beninois) bavuze ko amasosiyete yo muri Bénin atanditswe mu rugaga rw’ubucuruzi n’inganda muri Benin yungukiye byinshi mu mibanire n’Ubushinwa binyuze mu kugura mu buryo butaziguye ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi n’ibindi bicuruzwa.29 Iyi mibanire yavutse hagati y’ubucuruzi bwa Benin n’abakinnyi b’abashinwa yashizweho yarushijeho gutera imbere kuva Ubushinwa bwatangira gutera inkunga imishinga minini y’ibikorwa remezo hagati ya leta mu murwa mukuru w’ubukungu wa Benin, Cotonou.Kuba iyi mishinga minini yubatswe yubatswe (inyubako za leta, ibigo by’ikoraniro, nibindi) byongereye inyungu z’amasosiyete yo muri Bénin mu kugura ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi ku batanga ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa.mirongo itatu
Mu mpera z'imyaka ya za 90 ndetse no mu ntangiriro ya 2000 muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba, ubwo bucuruzi butemewe kandi buciriritse bwujujwe no gushinga ibigo by’ubucuruzi by’Ubushinwa bigenda byiyongera, harimo no muri Bénin.Ibigo byubucuruzi byatangijwe nabacuruzi baho nabyo byavutse mumijyi mikuru yibindi bihugu bya Afrika yuburengerazuba nka Nigeriya.Ihuriro ryafashije ingo n’ubucuruzi byo muri Afurika kwagura ubushobozi bwo kugura ibicuruzwa by’Ubushinwa ku bwinshi kandi byafashije leta zimwe na zimwe zo muri Afurika kurushaho gutunganya no kugenzura iyo mibanire y’ubucuruzi, itandukanijwe n’ububanyi n’ubukungu n’ububanyi n’ububanyi n’amahanga.
Benin na we ni uko.Yashizeho kandi ibigo bishya kugira ngo birusheho gutunganya no kugenzura umubano w’ubucuruzi n’Ubushinwa.Urugero rwiza ni Centre Chinois de Développement Economique et Commercial au Benin, yashinzwe mu 2008 mu karere gakomeye k'ubucuruzi ka Gancy, Cotonou, hafi y'icyambu.Iki kigo kizwi kandi ku izina rya China Business Centre Benin Centre, cyashinzwe mu rwego rw’ubufatanye busanzwe hagati y’ibihugu byombi.
N'ubwo kubaka bitarangiye kugeza mu 2008, hashize imyaka icumi, ku butegetsi bwa Krekou, i Beijing muri Mutarama 1998 hasinywe amasezerano y'ubwumvikane, avuga ku cyifuzo cyo gushinga ikigo cy'ubucuruzi cy'Ubushinwa muri Bénin.31 Intego nyamukuru y’iki kigo ni uguteza imbere ubufatanye mu bukungu n’ubucuruzi hagati y’Abashinwa na Bénin.Ikigo cyubatswe kuri metero kare 9700 kandi gifite ubuso bwa metero kare 4000.Amafaranga yo kubaka miliyoni 6.3 zamadorali y’Amerika yishyuwe n’amafaranga ahuriweho n’ingengo y’imari yateguwe na guverinoma y’Ubushinwa hamwe n’amakipe mpuzamahanga yo mu ntara i Ningbo, Zhejiang.Muri rusange, 60% yinkunga ituruka ku nkunga, 40% isigaye iterwa inkunga namakipe mpuzamahanga.32 Ikigo cyashinzwe hashingiwe ku masezerano yo kubaka-gukora-kwimura (BOT) akubiyemo amasezerano y’imyaka 50 yatanzwe na guverinoma ya Bénin yari ifitwe na Teams International, nyuma y’ibikorwa remezo bikazimurirwa na Benin.33
Ubusanzwe byasabwe n’uhagarariye Ambasade y’Ubushinwa muri Bénin, uyu mushinga wari ugamije kuba intandaro y’ubucuruzi bwa Bénin bushishikajwe no gukora ubucuruzi n’Ubushinwa.34 Ku bwabo, ikigo cy’ubucuruzi kizaha abahagarariye amasosiyete yo muri Bénine n’Abashinwa urubuga rwagutse rwo kwagura ubucuruzi, ibyo bikaba byavamo ko ubucuruzi butemewe bwandikwa ku mugaragaro mu rugaga rw’ubucuruzi n’inganda muri Bénin.Ariko usibye kuba ikigo kimwe cyubucuruzi, ikigo cyubucuruzi kizanaba umusingi wogutezimbere ubucuruzi butandukanye nibikorwa biteza imbere ubucuruzi.Igamije guteza imbere ishoramari, gutumiza mu mahanga, kohereza mu mahanga, gutambuka no gukora ibikorwa bya francise, gutegura imurikagurisha n’imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ry’ubucuruzi, ububiko bw’ibicuruzwa byinshi by’ibicuruzwa by’Ubushinwa, no kugira inama amasosiyete y’Abashinwa ashishikajwe no gupiganira imishinga y’ibikorwa remezo byo mu mijyi, inganda z’ubuhinzi n’imishinga ijyanye na serivisi.
Ariko mugihe umukinnyi wumushinwa ashobora kuba yazanye ikigo cyubucuruzi, ntabwo arimpera yinkuru.Ibiganiro byatwaye igihe kirekire kuruta uko byari byitezwe kuko umukinnyi wa Bénine yashyizeho ibiteganijwe, atanga ibyifuzo bye kandi asunika amasezerano akomeye abakinnyi b’abashinwa bagombaga kumenyera.Ingendo shuri, ibibazo hamwe ninyandiko zingenzi zimbere byashyizeho urwego rwimishyikirano nuburyo abanyapolitiki ba Benin bashobora gukora nkintumwa kandi bakumvisha abakinnyi b’abashinwa gukurikiza amahame y’ibanze n’amategeko y’ubucuruzi, bitewe n’ubucuti budasanzwe bw’igihugu n’Ubushinwa bukomeye.35
Ubufatanye bw'Ubushinwa na Afurika bukunze kurangwa n'imishyikirano yihuse, kurangiza no gushyira mu bikorwa amasezerano.Abakenguzamateka bavuga ko iyi nzira yihuse yatumye igabanuka ry'ibikorwa remezo rigabanuka.36 Ibinyuranye na byo, imishyikirano yabereye muri Bénin ku kigo cy’ubucuruzi cy’Ubushinwa i Cotonou yerekanaga uburyo itsinda ry’ibiro bya biro byahujwe neza na minisiteri zitandukanye rishobora kugeraho.Ibi ni ukuri cyane cyane iyo basunika ibiganiro bashimangira gutinda.Mugisha inama abahagarariye inzego zinyuranye za leta, mutange ibisubizo kugirango hashyizweho ibikorwa remezo byujuje ubuziranenge no kureba niba inyubako zaho, umurimo, ibidukikije n’ubucuruzi n’ubuziranenge.
Muri Mata 2000, uhagarariye Ubushinwa ukomoka i Ningbo yageze muri Bénin maze ashinga ibiro by’umushinga w’ubwubatsi.Amashyaka yatangiye imishyikirano ibanza.Ku ruhande rwa Bénin harimo abahagarariye Biro y’ubwubatsi ya Minisiteri y’ibidukikije, Imiturire n’Igenamigambi (bashyizweho kugira ngo bayobore itsinda ry’imitunganyirize y’imijyi ya guverinoma ya Benin), Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga, Minisiteri y’igenamigambi n’iterambere, Minisiteri y’inganda na Ubucuruzi na Minisiteri y'Ubukungu n'Imari.Abitabiriye ibiganiro n’Ubushinwa barimo Ambasaderi w’Ubushinwa muri Benin, umuyobozi w’ikigo cy’ubucuruzi n’ububanyi n’amahanga cya Ningbo, n’abahagarariye itsinda mpuzamahanga.Muri Werurwe 2002, izindi ntumwa za Ningbo zageze muri Bénin maze zisinyana amasezerano na Minisiteri y’inganda muri Bénin.Ubucuruzi: Inyandiko yerekana aho ikigo cyubucuruzi kizaza.Muri Mata 2004, Minisitiri w’ubucuruzi n’inganda muri Bénin yasuye Ningbo ashyira umukono ku masezerano y’ubwumvikane, atangira icyiciro gikurikira cy’imishyikirano.39
Nyuma y’imishyikirano y’ikigo cy’ubucuruzi itangiye, abashyikirana n’abashinwa bashyikirije guverinoma ya Benin umushinga w’amasezerano BOT muri Gashyantare 2006. 40 Ariko urebye neza iyi mbanzirizamushinga irabigaragaza.Isesengura ryanditse kuriyi mbanzirizamushinga ya mbere (mu gifaransa) ryerekana ko umwanya wambere w’abashyikirana n’abashinwa (uruhande rwa Bénéne rwagerageje guhindura) rukubiyemo ingingo zidasobanutse z’amasezerano zerekeye iyubakwa, imikorere n’iyimurwa ry’ikigo cy’ubucuruzi cy’Ubushinwa, ndetse ingingo zijyanye no kuvurwa no gutanga imisoro.41
Birakwiye ko tumenya ingingo nke zijyanye nicyiciro cyubwubatsi mumushinga wambere.Bamwe bazasaba Benin kwishura "amafaranga" runaka baterekanye umubare w'amafaranga.42 Uruhande rw'Ubushinwa rwasabye kandi "guhindura" umushahara w'abakozi bo muri Bénine n'Abashinwa muri uyu mushinga, ariko ntirwerekana umubare w'ibyo byahinduwe.43 Igika giteganijwe ku Bushinwa nacyo gisaba ko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere y’ibikorwa ndetse n'ingaruka ku bidukikije ubushakashatsi bukorwa n’uruhande rwUbushinwa gusa, bukavuga ko abahagarariye ibiro byubushakashatsi (biro yubushakashatsi) bakora ubushakashatsi bwingaruka.44 Amagambo adasobanutse yamasezerano nayo ntabura gahunda yicyiciro cyo kubaka.Kurugero, igika kimwe cyavuze muri rusange ko "Ubushinwa buzatanga ibitekerezo bishingiye ku byavuye mu bushakashatsi bwa tekiniki", ariko ntibwerekanye igihe ibyo bizabera.45 Mu buryo nk'ubwo, umushinga w'ingingo ntuvuga protocole y'umutekano ku bakozi baho muri Bénin.
Mu mbanzirizamushinga ku bikorwa by’ikigo, mu ngingo zasabwe n’uruhande rw’Ubushinwa, hari ingingo rusange kandi zidasobanutse.Abashinwa baganira basabye abashoramari bo mu Bushinwa bakorera mu kigo cy’ubucuruzi kwemererwa kugurisha ibicuruzwa byinshi n’ibicuruzwa bitari mu kigo ubwacyo, ahubwo no ku masoko yaho ya Bénin.46 Iki gisabwa kinyuranye nintego zambere za Centre.Ubucuruzi butanga ibicuruzwa byinshi ubucuruzi bwa Bénin bushobora kugura mu Bushinwa no kugurisha cyane nk'ibicuruzwa muri Benin no muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba.47 Muri aya magambo yatanzwe, ikigo cyemerera kandi amashyaka y’abashinwa gutanga “izindi serivisi z’ubucuruzi,” atagaragaje ayo.48
Ibindi biteganijwe mu mushinga wa mbere nabyo byari uruhande rumwe.Umushinga w'itegeko urasaba, udasobanuye neza icyo iyi ngingo isobanura, ko abafatanyabikorwa muri Bénin batemerewe gufata “ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa Ikigo”, ariko ingingo zaryo risa naho ryemerera ubushishozi bukomeye, ni ukuvuga “ku buryo bushoboka bwose”.Ihatire gutanga akazi kubaturage baho muri Bénin, ariko ntiwatanze ibisobanuro birambuye kuburyo ibi byakorwa.49
Amasezerano y’Ubushinwa nayo yatanze ibisabwa byihariye byo gusonerwa.Igika gisaba ko "Ishyaka rya Bénin ridashobora kwemerera irindi shyaka rya politiki cyangwa igihugu cy’Ubushinwa mu karere k’akarere ka Afurika y’iburengerazuba gushinga ikigo nk'icyo mu mujyi wa Cotonou mu gihe cy’imyaka 30 uhereye igihe ikigo cyatangiriye gukorera.“50 ikubiyemo amagambo akemangwa agaragaza uburyo abashyikirana n'abashinwa bagerageza guhagarika amarushanwa ku bandi bakinnyi b'abanyamahanga ndetse n'abandi bakinnyi b'Abashinwa.Ibidasanzwe nkibi byerekana uburyo amasosiyete yintara yubushinwa agerageza guhangana nandi masosiyete, harimo nandi masosiyete yo mubushinwa51, mugushaka ubucuruzi bwihariye, bwihariye.
Kimwe n’ibisabwa mu iyubakwa n’imikorere y’ikigo, ibisabwa bijyanye no kwimura umushinga ku buyobozi bwa Benin bisaba Benin kwishyura amafaranga yose hamwe n’ibisohoka, harimo igihembo cya avoka n’ibindi bikorwa.52
Umushinga w’amasezerano urimo kandi ingingo nyinshi zasabwe n’Ubushinwa zerekeye ibyifuzo by’ubuvuzi.Urugero rumwe, rwashakaga gushakisha ubutaka mu nkengero za Cotonou, bwiswe Gboje, kugira ngo bubake ububiko bw’amasosiyete y’Abashinwa ajyanye n’iri duka kugira ngo abike ibarura.53 Abashyikirana n’abashinwa basabye kandi ko abashoramari b’Abashinwa bakirwa.54 Niba abashoramari bo muri Bénine bemeye iyi ngingo hanyuma bagahindura imitekerereze yabo, Benin azahatirwa kwishyura abashinwa ku gihombo.
Mu misoro n’inyungu zitangwa, abashyikirana n’abashinwa barasaba kandi amagambo yoroheje kurusha ayo yemerewe n’amategeko y’igihugu cya Benin, basaba ko imodoka zoroherezwa, amahugurwa, kashe yo kwiyandikisha, amafaranga y’imicungire na serivisi za tekinike, n’umushahara wa Benin.Abakozi b'Abashinwa n'abakora ikigo cy'ubucuruzi.55 Abashyikirana n’abashinwa basabye kandi gusonerwa imisoro ku nyungu z’amasosiyete y’Abashinwa akorera muri iki kigo, kugeza ku gisenge kitazwi, ibikoresho byo kubungabunga no gusana iki kigo, ndetse n’ubukangurambaga no kwamamaza ibikorwa byo guteza imbere ibikorwa by’ikigo.56
Nkuko aya makuru abigaragaza, abashyikirana n’abashinwa batanze ibyifuzo byinshi, akenshi muburyo budasobanutse neza, bigamije kwagura imyanya yabo.
Nyuma yo kwakira umushinga w'amasezerano na bagenzi babo b'Abashinwa, abashyikirana na Bénin bongeye gutangiza ubushakashatsi bunoze kandi bukora ku bafatanyabikorwa benshi, bituma habaho impinduka zikomeye.Mu mwaka wa 2006, hemejwe ko hashyirwaho minisiteri zihariye zihagarariye guverinoma ya Bénin gusuzuma no guhindura amasezerano y’ibikorwa remezo byo mu mijyi no gusuzuma ingingo z’amasezerano afatanije n’izindi minisiteri zibishinzwe.57 Kuri aya masezerano yihariye, minisiteri nkuru ya Benin yitabiriye ni Minisiteri y’ibidukikije, Imiturire n’Igenamigambi ry’imijyi nk’ibanze mu gusuzuma amasezerano n’izindi minisiteri.
Muri Werurwe 2006, Minisiteri yateguye inama y’imishyikirano i Lokossa, itumira minisiteri nyinshi z’umurongo 58 gusuzuma no kuganira kuri uyu mushinga, harimo Minisiteri y’ubucuruzi n’inganda, Minisiteri y’umurimo n’imibereho myiza, Minisiteri y’ubutabera n’amategeko, Ubuyobozi Bukuru bw’Ubukungu n’Imari, inshingano z’ingengo y’imari Ubuyobozi Bukuru na Minisiteri y’imbere mu gihugu n’umutekano rusange.59 Urebye ko umushinga w’itegeko ushobora kugira ingaruka ku mibereho yose y’ubukungu n’ubwa politiki muri Bénin (harimo ubwubatsi, ibidukikije by’ubucuruzi n’imisoro, n’ibindi), abahagarariye buri minisiteri bafite amahirwe yo gusuzuma ingingo zihariye bakurikije ingingo zisanzweho; mu nzego zabo kandi usuzume witonze ingingo zasabwe n'Ubushinwa Impamyabumenyi yo kubahiriza amabwiriza, amategeko n'imikorere.
Uyu mwiherero i Lokas uha abashyikirana bo muri Bénin umwanya nintera na bagenzi babo b'Abashinwa, ndetse n’igitutu icyo ari cyo cyose bashobora kuba bafite.Abahagarariye Minisiteri ya Bénine bari bitabiriye iyo nama basabye ko hahindurwa byinshi ku mushinga w’amasezerano kugira ngo amasezerano y’amasezerano ajyanye n’amabwiriza ngenderwaho ya Bénin.Mu gukoresha ubumenyi bwa minisiteri zose, aho kwemerera ikigo kimwe kuganza no kuyobora, abayobozi ba Benin bashoboye gukomeza ubumwe kandi basunikira bagenzi babo b'Abashinwa guhinduka bikurikije mu biganiro bizakurikiraho.
Nk’uko abashyikirana na Bénine babitangaza, icyiciro gikurikira cy'ibiganiro na bagenzi babo b'Abashinwa muri Mata 2006 cyamaze “iminsi n'ijoro” bitatu mbere na mbere.Abashinwa 60 bashyikirana bashimangiye ko iki kigo gihinduka urubuga rw’ubucuruzi.(ntabwo ari byinshi), ariko Minisiteri y’inganda n’ubucuruzi muri Bénin yarabyanze yongera gushimangira ko bitemewe n'amategeko.
Muri rusange, Benin igizwe n’ibihugu byinshi by’impuguke za guverinoma yatumye abashyikirana bayo bishyikiriza bagenzi babo b’Abashinwa umushinga mushya w’amasezerano ajyanye n’amategeko n'amabwiriza ya Benin.Ubumwe n’ubuhuzabikorwa bya guverinoma ya Béninée byagoye Ubushinwa bugerageza gucamo ibice no gutegeka mu guhuza ibice by’abayobozi b’ibiro bya Bénin, bituma bagenzi babo b’abashinwa bemera kandi bakurikiza amahame y’ibanze n’ubucuruzi.Abashyikirana na Bénin bifatanije n’ibyo perezida ashyira imbere mu rwego rwo kurushaho kunoza umubano w’ubukungu n’Ubushinwa no gushyiraho umubano hagati y’abikorera ku giti cyabo bo mu bihugu byombi.Ariko bashoboye kandi kurinda isoko rya Bénin ryaho umwuzure w’ibicuruzwa by’Ubushinwa.Ibi ni ingirakamaro kuko irushanwa rikomeye hagati y’abakora ibicuruzwa baho n’abanywanyi b’abashinwa ryatangiye gukurura abatavuga rumwe n’ubucuruzi n’Ubushinwa guhera ku bacuruzi bo muri Bénine bakorera ku masoko manini nk’isoko rya Duntop, rimwe mu masoko manini yo muri Afurika y’iburengerazuba.61
Uyu mwiherero uhuza guverinoma ya Bénin kandi ufasha abayobozi ba Benin kubona imyifatire myiza y’imishyikirano Ubushinwa bugomba guhindura.Iyi mishyikirano ifasha kwerekana uburyo igihugu gito gishobora gushyikirana n’ibihugu bikomeye nk'Ubushinwa niba bihujwe neza kandi bigashyirwa mu bikorwa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-18-2022