Ubwiyongere bw'Ubushinwa bwohereza ibicuruzwa mu mezi umunani ya mbere y'uyu mwaka bwaragabanutse ugereranije n'imyaka yashize.By'umwihariko kubera ibintu byinshi nka politiki ya “zeru” y'Ubushinwa mu gukumira no kurwanya icyorezo, ikirere gikabije, ndetse no kugabanuka kw'ibikenewe mu mahanga, ubwiyongere bw'ubucuruzi bw’amahanga mu Bushinwa bwadindije cyane muri Kanama.Nyamara, inganda zifotora zageze ku musaruro ushimishije mu kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze.
Nk’uko imibare ya gasutamo y'Abashinwa ibigaragaza, mu mezi umunani ya mbere y'uyu mwaka, ibyoherezwa mu zuba bituruka ku mirasire y'izuba mu Bushinwa byiyongereyeho 91.2% ugereranije n'icyo gihe cyashize umwaka ushize, aho ibyoherezwa mu Burayi byiyongereyeho 138%.Kubera izamuka ry’ibiciro by’ingufu mu Burayi kubera intambara yo muri Ukraine, icyifuzo cy’inganda zifotora amashanyarazi mu Burayi kirakomeye, kandi n’igiciro cya polysilicon, ibikoresho fatizo byo kubyaraimirasire y'izuba, nacyo cyakomeje kuzamuka.
Inganda z’amafoto y’Ubushinwa zageze ku iterambere ryihuse mu myaka icumi ishize, kandi ikigo gikora amashanyarazi ku isi hose cyimuwe kiva mu Burayi no muri Amerika mu Bushinwa.Kugeza ubu, Ubushinwa nicyo gihugu kinini mu nganda zikoresha amafoto y’amashanyarazi ku isi, Uburayi n’ahantu nyaburanga h’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mafoto by’Ubushinwa byoherezwa mu mahanga, kandi ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere nk'Ubuhinde na Berezile nabyo bifite isoko rikomeye ku isoko.Ibihugu by’Uburayi bifite ubushobozi buke bwo kubyaza umusaruro, kandi hashingiwe ku bicuruzwa by’amafoto y’Ubushinwa mu gihe cyo guhindura ingufu byashyizwe ku murongo w’ibihugu by’Uburayi, kandi harasabwa kandi ko hajyaho inganda z’inganda zikomoka ku mafoto y’iburayi.
Kuzamuka kw'ibiciro by'ingufu byatewe n'ikibazo cya Ukraine byatumye Uburayi butekereza gutandukanya amasoko y'ingufu.Abasesenguzi bemeza ko ikibazo cy’ingufu ari amahirwe ku Burayi bwo kwihutisha inzira yo guhindura ingufu.Uburayi burateganya guhagarika gukoresha gaze gasanzwe y’Uburusiya mu 2030, kandi amashanyarazi arenga 40% azava mu masoko ashobora kuvugururwa.Ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi birimo gukora ibishoboka ngo byongere isoko ry’amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y’izuba n’umuyaga, bityo bibe isoko ikomeye y’amashanyarazi.
Fang Sichun, umusesenguzi w'ikigo ngishwanama cy’inganda cyitwa Photovoltaic InfoLink, yagize ati: “Igiciro kinini cy’amashanyarazi cyagize ingaruka ku Banyaburayi bamweinganda zifotoraguhagarika umusaruro no kugabanya ubushobozi bwimitwaro, kandi igipimo cyo gukoresha umusaruro murwego rwo gutanga amashanyarazi nticyageze kumusaruro wuzuye.Mu rwego rwo guhangana n'ibibazo biriho, Uburayi nabwo bufite uyu mwaka.Icyifuzo cya Photovoltaics nicyizere cyane, kandi InfoLink igereranya ibyifuzo byamafoto yerekana amashanyarazi muburayi uyumwaka.
Nk’uko byatangajwe na Porofeseri Karen Pittel wo mu Budage ifo Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi mu by'ubukungu n’ikigo cya Leibniz gishinzwe ubushakashatsi mu by'ubukungu muri kaminuza ya Munich, nyuma y’uko intambara yo muri Ukraine itangiye, abaturage bongeye kwakira ingufu zishobora kongera kwiyongera, ibyo bikaba bitajyanye gusa ibintu by’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, ariko kandi bikubiyemo ikibazo cy’umutekano w’ingufu.Karen Pieter yagize ati: “Iyo abantu batekereje kwihutisha inzibacyuho, bazasuzuma ibyiza n'ibibi.Inyungu ni ukwemerwa cyane, guhangana neza, kandi Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi wabishimangiye cyane.Kurugero, Ubudage bwihutisha ishyirwaho ryibintu (ibicuruzwa bifotora) Igikorwa cyo gusaba kirihuta.Hariho rwose ibitagenda neza, cyane cyane ku bijyanye n'amafaranga aboneka mu gihe cy'ibibazo, ndetse n'ikibazo cyo kwemerwa na rubanda ku giti cyabo cyo gushyira ibikoresho mu ngo zabo. ”
Karen Pieter yavuze ikintu cyabaye mu Budage, nk'abantu bemera igitekerezo cy'ingufu z'umuyaga, ariko ntibakunda ko amashanyarazi y’umuyaga yegereye amazu yabo.Byongeye, mugihe abantu batazi inyungu zizaza, gushora imari birashobora kwitonda no gushidikanya.Birumvikana ko ingufu zisubirwamo zirarushanwa mugihe ingufu za lisansi ziba zihenze.
Ubushinwa bwamafotokuyobora muri rusange
Ibihugu byose birimo guteza imbere ingufu z'amashanyarazi kugira ngo bigere ku ntego zo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere.Kugeza ubu, ubushobozi bw’amafoto y’amashanyarazi ku isi yibanda cyane mu Bushinwa.Isesengura ryizera ko ibyo bizarushaho kongera gushingira ku bicuruzwa by’Ubushinwa.Raporo y’umuryango mpuzamahanga w’ingufu, ivuga ko Ubushinwa bumaze kugira ibice birenga 80% by’ibikorwa by’ingenzi by’ingufu zituruka ku mirasire y’izuba, kandi bimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi biteganijwe ko bizagera kuri 95% mu 2025. Aya makuru yateje impungenge abasesenguzi, uwerekana ko umuvuduko w’uburayi mu guteza imbere inganda za PV utinda cyane ugereranije n’Ubushinwa.Nk’uko imibare ya Eurostat ibigaragaza, 75% by’izuba ryinjira mu bihugu by’Uburayi mu 2020 byaturutse mu Bushinwa.
Kugeza ubu, ingufu z’amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y’izuba n’ibikoresho by’ingufu z’umuyaga byayoboye isoko ry’isi yose, kandi bifite ubugenzuzi bwuzuye ku isoko.Raporo y’umuryango mpuzamahanga ushinzwe ingufu, ivuga ko mu 2021, Ubushinwa bufite 79% by’ubushobozi bwa polisilicon ku isi, bingana na 97% by’inganda zikoreshwa mu isi, kandi butanga 85% by’ingirabuzimafatizo z’izuba ku isi.Gukenera imirasire y'izuba mu Burayi no muri Amerika ya Ruguru birenze kimwe cya gatatu cy’ibikenewe ku isi, kandi utwo turere twombi tugereranije munsi ya 3% buri cyiciro cyose cyo gukora imirasire y'izuba nyirizina.
Alexander Brown, umushakashatsi mu kigo cya Mercator Institute of China mu Budage, yavuze ko abayobozi b’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bitabiriye vuba intambara ya Ukraine maze batangiza ingamba nshya zo guhangana n’ingufu z’Uburusiya, ariko ibyo ntibyerekanye ko ingufu z’i Burayi Intege nke zikomeye mu mutekano, kubyo Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi wateguye gahunda yiswe REPowerEU, ugamije kugera kuri 320 GW y’amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y’izuba mu 2025 no kwiyongera kugera kuri 600 GW muri 2030. Ubu ingufu z’izuba zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba ni 160 GW..
Amasoko abiri akomeye y’Uburayi na Amerika ya Ruguru muri iki gihe yishingikiriza cyane ku gutumiza mu mahanga ibicuruzwa biva mu mafoto y’Ubushinwa, kandi ubushobozi bw’inganda zaho mu Burayi ntiburi kure ibyo bakeneye.Ibihugu by’Uburayi n’Amerika y'Amajyaruguru byatangiye kubona ko kwishingikiriza ku bicuruzwa by’Ubushinwa atari igisubizo kirambye, bityo bakaba bashaka ibisubizo by’ibicuruzwa bitangwa.
Alexander Brown yagaragaje ko Uburayi bwishingikirije cyane ku bicuruzwa bya PV byo mu Bushinwa bitumizwa mu mahanga byateje impungenge za politiki mu Burayi bufatwa nk’umutekano muke, nubwo bidahungabanya ibikorwa remezo by’Uburayi nk’umutekano w’ikoranabuhanga, Ubushinwa bushobora gukoresha imirasire y’izuba nk'inzira yo kwimura Uburayi .Yakomeje agira ati: “Mu byukuri ibyo ni ingaruka zitangwa, kandi ku rugero runaka, bizana igiciro kinini mu nganda z’i Burayi.Mu bihe biri imbere, ku mpamvu iyo ari yo yose, ibicuruzwa biva mu Bushinwa nibimara guhagarikwa, bizazana igiciro kinini ku masosiyete yo mu Burayi kandi birashoboka ko bizadindiza ishyirwaho ry’izuba ry’iburayi ”.
Iburayi PV byerekana
Mu kinyamakuru PV Magazine, ikinyamakuru cy’inganda zifotora, Julius Sakalauskas, umuyobozi mukuru w’uruganda rukora imirasire y’izuba ya Lituwaniya, SoliTek, yagaragaje impungenge z’uko Uburayi bushingiye cyane ku bicuruzwa bya PV mu Bushinwa.Iyo ngingo yerekanye ko ibicuruzwa biva mu Bushinwa bishobora guterwa n’umuvuduko mushya wa virusi n’imvururu z’ibikoresho, ndetse n’amakimbirane ya politiki, nk'uko Lituwaniya yabibonye.
Iyo ngingo yerekanye ko ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ingamba z’ingufu z’izuba z’Uburayi zigomba gusuzumwa neza.Ntabwo byumvikana uburyo Komisiyo y’Uburayi izagenera amafaranga yo guteza imbere amashusho y’amafoto mu bihugu bigize uyu muryango.Gusa hamwe nigihe kirekire cyamafaranga yo guhatanira inkunga kumusaruro azakorwa ibicuruzwa byamafoto yuburayi bizakira.Ubushobozi bunini bwo kubyaza umusaruro birashoboka mubukungu.Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi washyizeho intego y’ingamba zo kubaka inganda zifotora mu Burayi, hatitawe ku kiguzi, kubera akamaro k’ubukungu.Ibigo by’i Burayi ntibishobora guhangana n’amasosiyete yo muri Aziya ku giciro, kandi abayikora bakeneye gutekereza ku bisubizo birambye kandi bishya bigezweho.
Alexander Brown yemera ko byanze bikunze Ubushinwa bwiganje ku isoko mu gihe gito, kandi Uburayi buzakomeza gutumiza umubare munini uhendutseIbicuruzwa byamafoto yubushinwa, mugihe byihutisha inzira yo guteza imbere ingufu zishobora kubaho.Mu gihe giciriritse cyangwa kirekire, Uburayi bufite ingamba zo kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku Bushinwa, harimo ubushobozi bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi bwiyubashye ndetse n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi.Ariko, ntibishoboka ko Uburayi buzatandukana rwose nabatanga ibicuruzwa byabashinwa, kandi byibuze hashobora gushyirwaho urwego runaka rwo guhangana, hanyuma hashyirwaho ubundi buryo bwo gutanga amasoko.
Kuri iki cyumweru Komisiyo y’Uburayi yemeje ku mugaragaro ishyirwaho ry’inganda z’amafoto y’inganda, itsinda ry’abafatanyabikorwa benshi barimo inganda zose za PV, hagamijwe kwagura udushyaizuba PVhamwe na tekinoroji yo gukora module, kwihutisha ikoreshwa ryingufu zizuba muri EU no kunoza imbaraga za sisitemu yingufu za EU.
Fang Sichun yavuze ko isoko rikomeje kugira ababikora gukusanya no kumva ubushobozi bwo gutanga ibicuruzwa hanze bidakorerwa mu Bushinwa.Ati: “Abakozi b'Abanyaburayi, amashanyarazi n'ibindi bicuruzwa biva mu mahanga ni byinshi, kandi igiciro cy'ishoramari ry'ibikoresho by'utugari ni kinini.Uburyo bwo kugabanya ibiciro bizakomeza kuba ikizamini gikomeye.Intego ya politiki y’ibihugu by’i Burayi ni ugushiraho 20 GW ya silicon wafer, selile, na module y’ubushobozi bwo gukora mu Burayi mu 2025. Icyakora, kuri ubu, hari gahunda yo kwagura ibikorwa kandi abayikora bake ni bo batangiye kuyishyiraho, hamwe n’ibikoresho nyabyo byateganijwe. ntaraboneka.Niba inganda zaho mu Burayi zigomba gutera imbere, biracyakenewe kureba niba ejo hazaza h’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. ”
Ugereranije n’ibicuruzwa bifotora by’iburayi, ibicuruzwa byabashinwa bifite inyungu zipiganwa rwose kubiciro.Alexander Brown yizera ko gukoresha no gukora byinshi bishobora gushimangira guhangana n’ibicuruzwa by’i Burayi.Yakomeje agira ati: "Ndatekereza ko gukoresha mudasobwa bizaba ikintu cy'ingenzi, kandi niba ibikoresho byo mu Burayi cyangwa mu bindi bihugu byikora cyane kandi ku buryo buhagije, ibi bizagabanya inyungu z’Ubushinwa mu bijyanye n'umushahara muto w'abakozi n'ubukungu bw'ikigereranyo.Ubushinwa butanga ingufu z'izuba nabwo bushingira cyane ku binyabuzima.Niba ibikoresho bishya bibyara umusaruro mubindi bihugu bishobora kubyara imirasire yizuba biturutse ku mbaraga zishobora kongera ingufu, ibi bizagabanya cyane ikirere cya karubone, bizaba inyungu zo guhatanira.Ibi bizatanga umusaruro mu gihe kizaza cyashyizweho n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi nk’umupaka wa karubone Mechanism yo kugenzura imipaka ya Carbone, izahana ibihano byinshi byoherezwa mu kirere biva mu mahanga. ”
Karen Pieter yavuze ko amafaranga y’umurimo wo gukora imirasire y’izuba mu Burayi yagabanutse ku buryo bugaragara, ibyo bikazafasha kuzamura ubushobozi bw’inganda z’amafoto y’iburayi.Gusubira mu nganda zifotora mu Burayi bisaba ishoramari ryinshi kandi bigomba kugira igishoro gihagije.Icyiciro cyambere cyinganda gishobora gusaba inkunga y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi n’ishoramari biva mu bindi bihugu.Afata Ubudage nk'urugero, Karen Pieter yavuze ko amasosiyete menshi yo mu Budage yakusanyije ubumenyi n'ubumenyi bihagije mu bya kera, kandi amasosiyete menshi yarafunzwe kubera amafaranga menshi, ariko ubumenyi bwa tekinike buracyahari.
Karen Pieter yavuze ko amafaranga y'abakozi yagabanutseho hafi 90% mu myaka icumi ishize, ati: “Ubu turi mu gihe aho imirasire y'izuba igomba koherezwa mu Bushinwa ikajya mu Burayi.Mu bihe byashize ibiciro by'umurimo byiganjemo kandi ubwikorezi ntabwo bwari ngombwa, ariko mu rwego rwo kugabanuka kw'ibiciro by'umurimo, imizigo ni ngombwa kuruta mbere, ariryo rufunguzo rwo guhangana. ”
Alexander Brown yavuze ko Uburayi na Amerika bifite inyungu zikomeye mu bushakashatsi no mu iterambere.Uburayi, Amerika n'Ubuyapani birashobora gufatanya n'Ubushinwa mu guteza imbere ibicuruzwa bishya bikora neza kandi bitangiza ibidukikije.Nibyo, leta zu Burayi nazo zishobora kurinda Uburayi niba zishaka guhangana kurwego rwa tekiniki.ubucuruzi cyangwa gutanga inkunga.
Raporo yakozwe na InfoLink, impuguke mu bijyanye n’amafoto y’amashanyarazi, yerekanye ko hari ingamba zitera inganda z’i Burayi kwagura umusaruro mu Burayi, cyane cyane ku bushobozi bunini bw’isoko ry’iburayi, politiki y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bwo gushyigikira iterambere ry’ibanze, ndetse no kwemerwa kw'ibiciro biri hejuru ku isoko.Gutandukanya ibicuruzwa biracyafite amahirwe yo kuba igihangange gikora amafoto.
Fang Sichun yavuze ko kuri ubu nta politiki yihariye yo gushimangira i Burayi, ariko ni ukuri ko inkunga y'iyi politiki izaha abayikora imbaraga zo gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda zijyanye no kwagura umusaruro, kandi kwinjiza ikoranabuhanga rishya na byo bishobora kuba amahirwe ku bakora inganda. kurenga mu mfuruka.Nyamara, itangwa ridatunganijwe ry’ibikoresho fatizo byo hanze, ibiciro by’amashanyarazi menshi, ifaranga n’ivunjisha bizakomeza guhangayikishwa ejo hazaza.
Iterambere ryaInganda za PV mu Bushinwa
Mu ntangiriro z'iki kinyejana, inganda z’amafoto y’Ubushinwa zari zikiri mu ntangiriro, kandi ibicuruzwa by’amafoto y’Ubushinwa byagize uruhare runini ku isoko ry’isi.Mu myaka 20 ishize, inganda zifotora ku isi zagize impinduka nini.Inganda zifotora mu Bushinwa zabanje kubona icyiciro cyo kwiyongera gukabije.Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2008, Ubushinwa bw’amafoto y’amashanyarazi Ubushobozi bwo gukora bumaze kurenga Ubudage, buza ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi, kandi ubushobozi bw’umusaruro bugera hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’isi.Ikwirakwizwa ry’ubukungu ku isi mu 2008, amasosiyete y’amafoto y’Abashinwa nayo yagize ingaruka.Inama y’ububanyi n’amahanga y’Ubushinwa yashyize ku rutonde inganda z’amafoto y’inganda n’inganda zifite ubushobozi burenze urugero mu 2009. Kuva mu mwaka wa 2011, ubukungu bukomeye ku isi nka Amerika, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, Ubuyapani, n’Ubuhinde bwatangiye iperereza rirwanya imyanda ndetse n’ingoboka ku ifoto y’Ubushinwa. inganda.Inganda z’amafoto y’Ubushinwa zaguye mu bihe by’urujijo.guhomba.
Guverinoma y'Ubushinwa yateye inkunga kandi itera inkunga inganda zifotora amashanyarazi mu myaka myinshi.Mu cyiciro cya mbere cy’iterambere ry’inganda zifotora, inzego z’ibanze zatanze politiki ishimishije hamwe ninguzanyo zinguzanyo kumishinga ifotora amashanyarazi mugihe ikurura ishoramari kubera ibyo politiki yagezeho.Uturere twa Yangtze Delta nka Jiangsu na Zhejiang.Byongeye kandi, ikibazo cy’umwanda uterwa no gukora imirasire y’izuba cyateje imyigaragambyo n’abaturage.
Mu mwaka wa 2013, Inama y’Ubushinwa yatanze politiki y’ingoboka yo kubyara amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi, naho Ubushinwa bwashyizweho n’amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi bwavuye kuri kilowati miliyoni 19 muri 2013 bugera kuri kilowati zigera kuri miliyoni 310 mu 2021. Guverinoma y’Ubushinwa yatangiye gukuraho inkunga y’amafoto y’amashanyarazi na ingufu z'umuyaga kuva 2021.
Bitewe na politiki ishimishije yatanzwe na guverinoma y'Ubushinwa no guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhangainganda zifotora, igiciro cyo hagati yinganda zikora amafoto y’amashanyarazi ku isi cyaragabanutseho 80% mu myaka icumi ishize, ibyo bikaba byaratumye ubwiyongere bukabije bw’umusaruro w’inganda zifotora.Uburayi buri munsi ya 35%, 20% munsi ya Amerika, ndetse 10% munsi yu Buhinde.
Amerika, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi n’Ubushinwa byose byihaye intego yo kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere no kongera ikoreshwa ry’ingufu zishobora kugeza igihe bitageze kuri neutre.Ubuyobozi bwa Biden burashaka kwagura imikoreshereze y’izuba kugira ngo bugere ku ntego yo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere.Intego yashyizweho na guverinoma y’Amerika ni uko mu 2035, amashanyarazi yose muri Amerika azaba atangwa n’izuba, umuyaga n’ingufu za kirimbuzi, hamwe na zeru zangiza.Mu Muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu zirenze ibicanwa by’ibinyabuzima ku nshuro ya mbere mu 2020, kandi Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi uzarushaho kongera isoko ry’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu, aho ingufu z’izuba n’umuyaga ari zo ntego nyamukuru.Komisiyo y’Uburayi irasaba kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere ku kigero cya 50% mu 2030 no kugera ku kutabogama kwa karuboni mu 2050. Ubushinwa buvuga ko mu 2030, umubare w’ingufu zituruka ku binyabuzima mu gukoresha ingufu z’ibanze zizagera kuri 25%, ubushobozi bw’umuyaga bwashyizweho ingufu n’izuba bizagera kuri kilowati zirenga miliyari 1,2, naho kutabogama kwa karubone bizagerwaho muri 2060.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-28-2022